This is probably among the most-quoted verses in the Bible, and a highlight of the book of Hebrews.
To this point, chapter 4 has explained why Christians ought to put our best efforts into fulfilling God's will. Israel failed to trust in God at the borders of Canaan (Numbers 13—14), which led to an entire generation wandering the desert, rather than finding their "rest" in the Promised Land (Hebrews 3:16–17). Just as God rested only when His creative work was done (Hebrews 4:3–4), so too we can only "rest" in our greatest possible heavenly rewards if we "hold fast" our faith to the end (Hebrews 3:6). This means completing the work God has given us to do (Hebrews 3:10-–11). This is not about salvation, which is guaranteed to all who trust in Christ (John 6:39–40). Rather, this is about the heavenly rewards we stand to gain—or lose—on the basis of our trust in and obedience to God (Revelation 2:26–27).
Given the context of this passage, loaded with Old Testament references, this is clearly about the written Scriptures. Specifically, that the ultimate measuring stick for our obedience to God is His Word. Hebrews 3:12 warns Christians to "take care" against having a heart of unbelief. The only way to properly diagnose this condition is with the Bible.
The imagery used here in Hebrews is popular, but easily misunderstood by a modern reader. The Greek word translated "sword" is machairan, often used generically for a "sword" or "dagger" in the New Testament. However, the same word is also used to describe the blade wielded by Peter in Gethsemane (John 18:10). To modern eyes, Peter's weapon was less of a soldier's sword and more of a large fisherman's knife. In fact, a fisherman's machairan was primarily meant for cutting flesh—unlike true military "swords" which were tougher but less razor-sharp.
Whether military "sword" or meat-cutter's "knife," this perspective makes the metaphor of this verse all the more vivid. The "sword" is said to separate the "joints and marrow," probably a reference to tendons, ligaments, and other meaty parts. These are from the Greek words harmōn and myelōn. These tissues are hidden away, hard to reach, and seemingly indistinguishable. A sharp blade, such as a machairan, can uncover and separate these things.
In the same way, the Word of God can even separate spiritual things which seem completely intertwined, such as the soul and spirit. This is not meant to be literal, as the Bible often uses these terms interchangeably. Rather, this is a graphic explanation of how completely God's Word can distinguish between the godly and ungodly. To man, the soul and spirit seem indistinguishable, but the Word of God can—metaphorically—even discern between these. This incredible "cutting" power of Scripture is therefore a tool to separate our very thoughts into good and evil.
The Bible provides everything we need to know the difference between truly selfless, spiritual deeds, and acts which are actually selfish and ungodly (Matthew 7:21–23). Jesus' condemnation of the Pharisees describes how outwardly pious behavior itself is not always obedience (Matthew 23). It is possible to read the Word and yet fail to follow God's will, due to rebellion (2 Peter 3:16) or pride (John 5:39–40).
The context of this verse is crucial. Verse 11 warned Christians to strive to obey God, lest we lose our heavenly rewards. Here in verse 12 we are reminded that the Word gives us all the power we need to learn the true will of God (Romans 12:2; Philippians 1:9). Verse 13 will point out that God's judgment is impossible to escape: nobody is beyond His sight (2 Corinthians 5:10). Even so, only in Christ do we find a God who truly understands our failures (Hebrews 4:14–16).
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